2 // This file is part of Moodle - http://moodle.org/
4 // Moodle is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
5 // it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
6 // the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
7 // (at your option) any later version.
9 // Moodle is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
10 // but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
11 // MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
12 // GNU General Public License for more details.
14 // You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
15 // along with Moodle. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
18 * Native sqlsrv class representing moodle database interface.
21 * @copyright 2009 onwards Eloy Lafuente (stronk7) {@link http://stronk7.com}
22 * @license http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html GNU GPL v2 or later
25 defined('MOODLE_INTERNAL') || die();
27 require_once(__DIR__.'/moodle_database.php');
28 require_once(__DIR__.'/sqlsrv_native_moodle_recordset.php');
29 require_once(__DIR__.'/sqlsrv_native_moodle_temptables.php');
32 * Native sqlsrv class representing moodle database interface.
35 * @copyright 2009 onwards Eloy Lafuente (stronk7) {@link http://stronk7.com}
36 * @license http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html GNU GPL v2 or later
38 class sqlsrv_native_moodle_database extends moodle_database {
40 protected $sqlsrv = null;
41 protected $last_error_reporting; // To handle SQL*Server-Native driver default verbosity
42 protected $temptables; // Control existing temptables (sqlsrv_moodle_temptables object)
43 protected $collation; // current DB collation cache
44 /** @var array list of open recordsets */
45 protected $recordsets = array();
48 * Constructor - instantiates the database, specifying if it's external (connect to other systems) or no (Moodle DB)
49 * note this has effect to decide if prefix checks must be performed or no
50 * @param bool true means external database used
52 public function __construct($external=false) {
53 parent::__construct($external);
57 * Detects if all needed PHP stuff installed.
58 * Note: can be used before connect()
59 * @return mixed true if ok, string if something
61 public function driver_installed() {
62 // use 'function_exists()' rather than 'extension_loaded()' because
63 // the name used by 'extension_loaded()' is case specific! The extension
64 // therefore *could be* mixed case and hence not found.
65 if (!function_exists('sqlsrv_num_rows')) {
66 if (stripos(PHP_OS, 'win') === 0) {
67 return get_string('nativesqlsrvnodriver', 'install');
69 return get_string('nativesqlsrvnonwindows', 'install');
76 * Returns database family type - describes SQL dialect
77 * Note: can be used before connect()
78 * @return string db family name (mysql, postgres, mssql, sqlsrv, oracle, etc.)
80 public function get_dbfamily() {
85 * Returns more specific database driver type
86 * Note: can be used before connect()
87 * @return string db type mysqli, pgsql, oci, mssql, sqlsrv
89 protected function get_dbtype() {
94 * Returns general database library name
95 * Note: can be used before connect()
96 * @return string db type pdo, native
98 protected function get_dblibrary() {
103 * Returns localised database type name
104 * Note: can be used before connect()
107 public function get_name() {
108 return get_string('nativesqlsrv', 'install');
112 * Returns localised database configuration help.
113 * Note: can be used before connect()
116 public function get_configuration_help() {
117 return get_string('nativesqlsrvhelp', 'install');
121 * Returns localised database description
122 * Note: can be used before connect()
125 public function get_configuration_hints() {
126 $str = get_string('databasesettingssub_sqlsrv', 'install');
127 $str .= "<p style='text-align:right'><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" ";
128 $str .= "onclick=\"return window.open('http://docs.moodle.org/en/Using_the_Microsoft_SQL_Server_Driver_for_PHP')\"";
130 $str .= '<img src="pix/docs.gif'.'" alt="Docs" class="iconhelp" />';
131 $str .= get_string('moodledocslink', 'install').'</a></p>';
137 * Must be called before most other methods. (you can call methods that return connection configuration parameters)
138 * @param string $dbhost The database host.
139 * @param string $dbuser The database username.
140 * @param string $dbpass The database username's password.
141 * @param string $dbname The name of the database being connected to.
142 * @param mixed $prefix string|bool The moodle db table name's prefix. false is used for external databases where prefix not used
143 * @param array $dboptions driver specific options
145 * @throws dml_connection_exception if error
147 public function connect($dbhost, $dbuser, $dbpass, $dbname, $prefix, array $dboptions=null) {
148 $driverstatus = $this->driver_installed();
150 if ($driverstatus !== true) {
151 throw new dml_exception('dbdriverproblem', $driverstatus);
157 sqlsrv_configure("WarningsReturnAsErrors", FALSE);
158 sqlsrv_configure("LogSubsystems", SQLSRV_LOG_SYSTEM_OFF);
159 sqlsrv_configure("LogSeverity", SQLSRV_LOG_SEVERITY_ERROR);
161 $this->store_settings($dbhost, $dbuser, $dbpass, $dbname, $prefix, $dboptions);
162 $this->sqlsrv = sqlsrv_connect($this->dbhost, array
164 'UID' => $this->dbuser,
165 'PWD' => $this->dbpass,
166 'Database' => $this->dbname,
167 'CharacterSet' => 'UTF-8',
168 'MultipleActiveResultSets' => true,
169 'ConnectionPooling' => !empty($this->dboptions['dbpersist']),
170 'ReturnDatesAsStrings' => true,
173 if ($this->sqlsrv === false) {
174 $this->sqlsrv = null;
175 $dberr = $this->get_last_error();
177 throw new dml_connection_exception($dberr);
180 // Allow quoted identifiers
181 $sql = "SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ON";
182 $this->query_start($sql, null, SQL_QUERY_AUX);
183 $result = sqlsrv_query($this->sqlsrv, $sql);
184 $this->query_end($result);
186 $this->free_result($result);
188 // Force ANSI nulls so the NULL check was done by IS NULL and NOT IS NULL
189 // instead of equal(=) and distinct(<>) symbols
190 $sql = "SET ANSI_NULLS ON";
191 $this->query_start($sql, null, SQL_QUERY_AUX);
192 $result = sqlsrv_query($this->sqlsrv, $sql);
193 $this->query_end($result);
195 $this->free_result($result);
197 // Force ANSI warnings so arithmetic/string overflows will be
198 // returning error instead of transparently truncating data
199 $sql = "SET ANSI_WARNINGS ON";
200 $this->query_start($sql, null, SQL_QUERY_AUX);
201 $result = sqlsrv_query($this->sqlsrv, $sql);
202 $this->query_end($result);
204 // Concatenating null with anything MUST return NULL
205 $sql = "SET CONCAT_NULL_YIELDS_NULL ON";
206 $this->query_start($sql, null, SQL_QUERY_AUX);
207 $result = sqlsrv_query($this->sqlsrv, $sql);
208 $this->query_end($result);
210 $this->free_result($result);
212 // Set transactions isolation level to READ_COMMITTED
213 // prevents dirty reads when using transactions +
214 // is the default isolation level of sqlsrv
215 $sql = "SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL READ COMMITTED";
216 $this->query_start($sql, NULL, SQL_QUERY_AUX);
217 $result = sqlsrv_query($this->sqlsrv, $sql);
218 $this->query_end($result);
220 $this->free_result($result);
222 // Connection established and configured, going to instantiate the temptables controller
223 $this->temptables = new sqlsrv_native_moodle_temptables($this);
229 * Close database connection and release all resources
230 * and memory (especially circular memory references).
231 * Do NOT use connect() again, create a new instance if needed.
233 public function dispose() {
234 parent::dispose(); // Call parent dispose to write/close session and other common stuff before closing connection
237 sqlsrv_close($this->sqlsrv);
238 $this->sqlsrv = null;
243 * Called before each db query.
245 * @param array $params array of parameters
246 * @param int $type type of query
247 * @param mixed $extrainfo driver specific extra information
250 protected function query_start($sql, array $params = null, $type, $extrainfo = null) {
251 parent::query_start($sql, $params, $type, $extrainfo);
255 * Called immediately after each db query.
256 * @param mixed db specific result
259 protected function query_end($result) {
260 parent::query_end($result);
264 * Returns database server info array
265 * @return array Array containing 'description', 'version' and 'database' (current db) info
267 public function get_server_info() {
271 $server_info = sqlsrv_server_info($this->sqlsrv);
274 $info['description'] = $server_info['SQLServerName'];
275 $info['version'] = $server_info['SQLServerVersion'];
276 $info['database'] = $server_info['CurrentDatabase'];
283 * Override: Converts short table name {tablename} to real table name
284 * supporting temp tables (#) if detected
289 protected function fix_table_names($sql) {
290 if (preg_match_all('/\{([a-z][a-z0-9_]*)\}/i', $sql, $matches)) {
291 foreach ($matches[0] as $key => $match) {
292 $name = $matches[1][$key];
294 if ($this->temptables->is_temptable($name)) {
295 $sql = str_replace($match, $this->temptables->get_correct_name($name), $sql);
297 $sql = str_replace($match, $this->prefix.$name, $sql);
305 * Returns supported query parameter types
306 * @return int bitmask
308 protected function allowed_param_types() {
309 return SQL_PARAMS_QM; // sqlsrv 1.1 can bind
313 * Returns last error reported by database engine.
314 * @return string error message
316 public function get_last_error() {
317 $retErrors = sqlsrv_errors(SQLSRV_ERR_ALL);
318 $errorMessage = 'No errors found';
320 if ($retErrors != null) {
323 foreach ($retErrors as $arrError) {
324 $errorMessage .= "SQLState: ".$arrError['SQLSTATE']."<br>\n";
325 $errorMessage .= "Error Code: ".$arrError['code']."<br>\n";
326 $errorMessage .= "Message: ".$arrError['message']."<br>\n";
330 return $errorMessage;
334 * Prepare the query binding and do the actual query.
336 * @param string $sql The sql statement
337 * @param array $params array of params for binding. If NULL, they are ignored.
338 * @param int $sql_query_type - Type of operation
339 * @param bool $free_result - Default true, transaction query will be freed.
340 * @param bool $scrollable - Default false, to use for quickly seeking to target records
341 * @return resource|bool result
343 private function do_query($sql, $params, $sql_query_type, $free_result = true, $scrollable = false) {
344 list($sql, $params, $type) = $this->fix_sql_params($sql, $params);
347 * Bound variables *are* supported. Until I can get it to work, emulate the bindings
348 * The challenge/problem/bug is that although they work, doing a SELECT SCOPE_IDENTITY()
349 * doesn't return a value (no result set)
351 * -- somebody from MS
354 $sql = $this->emulate_bound_params($sql, $params);
355 $this->query_start($sql, $params, $sql_query_type);
356 if (!$scrollable) { // Only supporting next row
357 $result = sqlsrv_query($this->sqlsrv, $sql);
358 } else { // Supporting absolute/relative rows
359 $result = sqlsrv_query($this->sqlsrv, $sql, array(), array('Scrollable' => SQLSRV_CURSOR_STATIC));
362 if ($result === false) {
363 // TODO do something with error or just use if DEV or DEBUG?
364 $dberr = $this->get_last_error();
367 $this->query_end($result);
370 $this->free_result($result);
377 * Return tables in database WITHOUT current prefix.
378 * @param bool $usecache if true, returns list of cached tables.
379 * @return array of table names in lowercase and without prefix
381 public function get_tables($usecache = true) {
382 if ($usecache and count($this->tables) > 0) {
383 return $this->tables;
385 $this->tables = array ();
386 $prefix = str_replace('_', '\\_', $this->prefix);
387 $sql = "SELECT table_name
388 FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES
389 WHERE table_name LIKE '$prefix%' ESCAPE '\\' AND table_type = 'BASE TABLE'";
391 $this->query_start($sql, null, SQL_QUERY_AUX);
392 $result = sqlsrv_query($this->sqlsrv, $sql);
393 $this->query_end($result);
396 while ($row = sqlsrv_fetch_array($result)) {
397 $tablename = reset($row);
398 if ($this->prefix !== '') {
399 if (strpos($tablename, $this->prefix) !== 0) {
402 $tablename = substr($tablename, strlen($this->prefix));
404 $this->tables[$tablename] = $tablename;
406 $this->free_result($result);
409 // Add the currently available temptables
410 $this->tables = array_merge($this->tables, $this->temptables->get_temptables());
411 return $this->tables;
415 * Return table indexes - everything lowercased.
416 * @param string $table The table we want to get indexes from.
417 * @return array of arrays
419 public function get_indexes($table) {
421 $tablename = $this->prefix.$table;
423 // Indexes aren't covered by information_schema metatables, so we need to
424 // go to sys ones. Skipping primary key indexes on purpose.
425 $sql = "SELECT i.name AS index_name, i.is_unique, ic.index_column_id, c.name AS column_name
427 JOIN sys.index_columns ic ON i.object_id = ic.object_id AND i.index_id = ic.index_id
428 JOIN sys.columns c ON ic.object_id = c.object_id AND ic.column_id = c.column_id
429 JOIN sys.tables t ON i.object_id = t.object_id
430 WHERE t.name = '$tablename' AND i.is_primary_key = 0
431 ORDER BY i.name, i.index_id, ic.index_column_id";
433 $this->query_start($sql, null, SQL_QUERY_AUX);
434 $result = sqlsrv_query($this->sqlsrv, $sql);
435 $this->query_end($result);
442 while ($row = sqlsrv_fetch_array($result, SQLSRV_FETCH_ASSOC)) {
443 if ($lastindex and $lastindex != $row['index_name'])
444 { // Save lastindex to $indexes and reset info
445 $indexes[$lastindex] = array
448 'columns' => $columns
454 $lastindex = $row['index_name'];
455 $unique = empty($row['is_unique']) ? false : true;
456 $columns[] = $row['column_name'];
459 if ($lastindex) { // Add the last one if exists
460 $indexes[$lastindex] = array
463 'columns' => $columns
467 $this->free_result($result);
473 * Returns detailed information about columns in table. This information is cached internally.
474 * @param string $table name
475 * @param bool $usecache
476 * @return array array of database_column_info objects indexed with column names
478 public function get_columns($table, $usecache = true) {
479 if ($usecache and isset($this->columns[$table])) {
480 return $this->columns[$table];
483 $this->columns[$table] = array ();
485 if (!$this->temptables->is_temptable($table)) { // normal table, get metadata from own schema
486 $sql = "SELECT column_name AS name,
488 numeric_precision AS max_length,
489 character_maximum_length AS char_max_length,
490 numeric_scale AS scale,
491 is_nullable AS is_nullable,
492 columnproperty(object_id(quotename(table_schema) + '.' + quotename(table_name)), column_name, 'IsIdentity') AS auto_increment,
493 column_default AS default_value
494 FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS
495 WHERE table_name = '{".$table."}'
496 ORDER BY ordinal_position";
497 } else { // temp table, get metadata from tempdb schema
498 $sql = "SELECT column_name AS name,
500 numeric_precision AS max_length,
501 character_maximum_length AS char_max_length,
502 numeric_scale AS scale,
503 is_nullable AS is_nullable,
504 columnproperty(object_id(quotename(table_schema) + '.' + quotename(table_name)), column_name, 'IsIdentity') AS auto_increment,
505 column_default AS default_value
506 FROM tempdb.INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS ".
507 // check this statement
508 // JOIN tempdb..sysobjects ON name = table_name
509 // WHERE id = object_id('tempdb..{".$table."}')
510 "WHERE table_name LIKE '{".$table."}__________%'
511 ORDER BY ordinal_position";
514 list($sql, $params, $type) = $this->fix_sql_params($sql, null);
516 $this->query_start($sql, null, SQL_QUERY_AUX);
517 $result = sqlsrv_query($this->sqlsrv, $sql);
518 $this->query_end($result);
524 while ($rawcolumn = sqlsrv_fetch_array($result, SQLSRV_FETCH_ASSOC)) {
526 $rawcolumn = (object)$rawcolumn;
528 $info = new stdClass();
529 $info->name = $rawcolumn->name;
530 $info->type = $rawcolumn->type;
531 $info->meta_type = $this->sqlsrvtype2moodletype($info->type);
533 // Prepare auto_increment info
534 $info->auto_increment = $rawcolumn->auto_increment ? true : false;
536 // Define type for auto_increment columns
537 $info->meta_type = ($info->auto_increment && $info->meta_type == 'I') ? 'R' : $info->meta_type;
539 // id columns being auto_incremnt are PK by definition
540 $info->primary_key = ($info->name == 'id' && $info->meta_type == 'R' && $info->auto_increment);
542 // Put correct length for character and LOB types
543 $info->max_length = $info->meta_type == 'C' ? $rawcolumn->char_max_length : $rawcolumn->max_length;
544 $info->max_length = ($info->meta_type == 'X' || $info->meta_type == 'B') ? -1 : $info->max_length;
547 $info->scale = $rawcolumn->scale ? $rawcolumn->scale : false;
549 // Prepare not_null info
550 $info->not_null = $rawcolumn->is_nullable == 'NO' ? true : false;
553 $info->has_default = !empty($rawcolumn->default_value);
554 if ($rawcolumn->default_value === NULL) {
555 $info->default_value = NULL;
557 $info->default_value = preg_replace("/^[\(N]+[']?(.*?)[']?[\)]+$/", '\\1', $rawcolumn->default_value);
561 $info->binary = $info->meta_type == 'B' ? true : false;
563 $this->columns[$table][$info->name] = new database_column_info($info);
565 $this->free_result($result);
567 return $this->columns[$table];
571 * Normalise values based in RDBMS dependencies (booleans, LOBs...)
573 * @param database_column_info $column column metadata corresponding with the value we are going to normalise
574 * @param mixed $value value we are going to normalise
575 * @return mixed the normalised value
577 protected function normalise_value($column, $value) {
578 $this->detect_objects($value);
580 if (is_bool($value)) { // Always, convert boolean to int
581 $value = (int)$value;
582 } // And continue processing because text columns with numeric info need special handling below
584 if ($column->meta_type == 'B')
585 { // BLOBs need to be properly "packed", but can be inserted directly if so.
586 if (!is_null($value)) { // If value not null, unpack it to unquoted hexadecimal byte-string format
587 $value = unpack('H*hex', $value); // we leave it as array, so emulate_bound_params() can detect it
588 } // easily and "bind" the param ok.
590 } else if ($column->meta_type == 'X') { // sqlsrv doesn't cast from int to text, so if text column
591 if (is_numeric($value)) { // and is numeric value then cast to string
592 $value = array('numstr' => (string)$value); // and put into array, so emulate_bound_params() will know how
593 } // to "bind" the param ok, avoiding reverse conversion to number
594 } else if ($value === '') {
596 if ($column->meta_type == 'I' or $column->meta_type == 'F' or $column->meta_type == 'N') {
597 $value = 0; // prevent '' problems in numeric fields
604 * Selectively call sqlsrv_free_stmt(), avoiding some warnings without using the horrible @
606 * @param sqlsrv_resource $resource resource to be freed if possible
609 private function free_result($resource) {
610 if (!is_bool($resource)) { // true/false resources cannot be freed
611 return sqlsrv_free_stmt($resource);
616 * Provides mapping between sqlsrv native data types and moodle_database - database_column_info - ones)
618 * @param string $sqlsrv_type native sqlsrv data type
619 * @return string 1-char database_column_info data type
621 private function sqlsrvtype2moodletype($sqlsrv_type) {
624 switch (strtoupper($sqlsrv_type)) {
650 case 'NVARCHAR(MAX)':
655 case 'VARBINARY(MAX)':
665 throw new dml_exception('invalidsqlsrvnativetype', $sqlsrv_type);
671 * Do NOT use in code, to be used by database_manager only!
672 * @param string $sql query
674 * @throws dml_exception A DML specific exception is thrown for any errors.
676 public function change_database_structure($sql) {
677 $this->reset_caches();
679 $this->query_start($sql, null, SQL_QUERY_STRUCTURE);
680 $result = sqlsrv_query($this->sqlsrv, $sql);
681 $this->query_end($result);
687 * Prepare the array of params for native binding
689 protected function build_native_bound_params(array $params = null) {
695 * Workaround for SQL*Server Native driver similar to MSSQL driver for
696 * consistent behavior.
698 protected function emulate_bound_params($sql, array $params = null) {
700 if (empty($params)) {
703 // ok, we have verified sql statement with ? and correct number of params
704 $parts = explode('?', $sql);
705 $return = array_shift($parts);
706 foreach ($params as $param) {
707 if (is_bool($param)) {
708 $return .= (int)$param;
709 } else if (is_array($param) && isset($param['hex'])) { // detect hex binary, bind it specially
710 $return .= '0x'.$param['hex'];
711 } else if (is_array($param) && isset($param['numstr'])) { // detect numerical strings that *must not*
712 $return .= "N'{$param['numstr']}'"; // be converted back to number params, but bound as strings
713 } else if (is_null($param)) {
716 } else if (is_number($param)) { // we can not use is_numeric() because it eats leading zeros from strings like 0045646
717 $return .= "'$param'"; // this is a hack for MDL-23997, we intentionally use string because it is compatible with both nvarchar and int types
718 } else if (is_float($param)) {
721 $param = str_replace("'", "''", $param);
722 $return .= "N'$param'";
725 $return .= array_shift($parts);
731 * Execute general sql query. Should be used only when no other method suitable.
732 * Do NOT use this to make changes in db structure, use database_manager methods instead!
733 * @param string $sql query
734 * @param array $params query parameters
736 * @throws dml_exception A DML specific exception is thrown for any errors.
738 public function execute($sql, array $params = null) {
739 if (strpos($sql, ';') !== false) {
740 throw new coding_exception('moodle_database::execute() Multiple sql statements found or bound parameters not used properly in query!');
742 $this->do_query($sql, $params, SQL_QUERY_UPDATE);
747 * Get a number of records as a moodle_recordset using a SQL statement.
749 * Since this method is a little less readable, use of it should be restricted to
750 * code where it's possible there might be large datasets being returned. For known
751 * small datasets use get_records_sql - it leads to simpler code.
753 * The return type is like:
754 * @see function get_recordset.
756 * @param string $sql the SQL select query to execute.
757 * @param array $params array of sql parameters
758 * @param int $limitfrom return a subset of records, starting at this point (optional, required if $limitnum is set).
759 * @param int $limitnum return a subset comprising this many records (optional, required if $limitfrom is set).
760 * @return moodle_recordset instance
761 * @throws dml_exception A DML specific exception is thrown for any errors.
763 public function get_recordset_sql($sql, array $params = null, $limitfrom = 0, $limitnum = 0) {
764 $limitfrom = (int)$limitfrom;
765 $limitnum = (int)$limitnum;
766 $limitfrom = max(0, $limitfrom);
767 $limitnum = max(0, $limitnum);
769 if ($limitfrom or $limitnum) {
770 if ($limitnum >= 1) { // Only apply TOP clause if we have any limitnum (limitfrom offset is handled later)
771 $fetch = $limitfrom + $limitnum;
772 if (PHP_INT_MAX - $limitnum < $limitfrom) { // Check PHP_INT_MAX overflow
773 $fetch = PHP_INT_MAX;
775 $sql = preg_replace('/^([\s(])*SELECT([\s]+(DISTINCT|ALL))?(?!\s*TOP\s*\()/i',
776 "\\1SELECT\\2 TOP $fetch", $sql);
779 $result = $this->do_query($sql, $params, SQL_QUERY_SELECT, false, (bool)$limitfrom);
781 if ($limitfrom) { // Skip $limitfrom records
782 sqlsrv_fetch($result, SQLSRV_SCROLL_ABSOLUTE, $limitfrom - 1);
784 return $this->create_recordset($result);
788 * Create a record set and initialize with first row
790 * @param mixed $result
791 * @return sqlsrv_native_moodle_recordset
793 protected function create_recordset($result) {
794 $rs = new sqlsrv_native_moodle_recordset($result, $this);
795 $this->recordsets[] = $rs;
800 * Do not use outside of recordset class.
802 * @param sqlsrv_native_moodle_recordset $rs
804 public function recordset_closed(sqlsrv_native_moodle_recordset $rs) {
805 if ($key = array_search($rs, $this->recordsets, true)) {
806 unset($this->recordsets[$key]);
811 * Get a number of records as an array of objects using a SQL statement.
813 * Return value is like:
814 * @see function get_records.
816 * @param string $sql the SQL select query to execute. The first column of this SELECT statement
817 * must be a unique value (usually the 'id' field), as it will be used as the key of the
819 * @param array $params array of sql parameters
820 * @param int $limitfrom return a subset of records, starting at this point (optional, required if $limitnum is set).
821 * @param int $limitnum return a subset comprising this many records (optional, required if $limitfrom is set).
822 * @return array of objects, or empty array if no records were found
823 * @throws dml_exception A DML specific exception is thrown for any errors.
825 public function get_records_sql($sql, array $params = null, $limitfrom = 0, $limitnum = 0) {
827 $rs = $this->get_recordset_sql($sql, $params, $limitfrom, $limitnum);
831 foreach ($rs as $row) {
834 if (isset($results[$id])) {
835 $colname = key($row);
836 debugging("Did you remember to make the first column something unique in your call to get_records? Duplicate value '$id' found in column '$colname'.", DEBUG_DEVELOPER);
838 $results[$id] = (object)$row;
846 * Selects records and return values (first field) as an array using a SQL statement.
848 * @param string $sql The SQL query
849 * @param array $params array of sql parameters
850 * @return array of values
851 * @throws dml_exception A DML specific exception is thrown for any errors.
853 public function get_fieldset_sql($sql, array $params = null) {
855 $rs = $this->get_recordset_sql($sql, $params);
859 foreach ($rs as $row) {
860 $results[] = reset($row);
868 * Insert new record into database, as fast as possible, no safety checks, lobs not supported.
869 * @param string $table name
870 * @param mixed $params data record as object or array
871 * @param bool $returnit return it of inserted record
872 * @param bool $bulk true means repeated inserts expected
873 * @param bool $customsequence true if 'id' included in $params, disables $returnid
874 * @return bool|int true or new id
875 * @throws dml_exception A DML specific exception is thrown for any errors.
877 public function insert_record_raw($table, $params, $returnid=true, $bulk=false, $customsequence=false) {
878 if (!is_array($params)) {
879 $params = (array)$params;
884 if ($customsequence) {
885 if (!isset($params['id'])) {
886 throw new coding_exception('moodle_database::insert_record_raw() id field must be specified if custom sequences used.');
890 $columns = $this->get_columns($table);
891 if (isset($columns['id']) and $columns['id']->auto_increment) {
895 // Disable IDENTITY column before inserting record with id, only if the
896 // column is identity, from meta information.
898 $sql = 'SET IDENTITY_INSERT {'.$table.'} ON'; // Yes, it' ON!!
899 $this->do_query($sql, null, SQL_QUERY_AUX);
903 unset($params['id']);
906 if (empty($params)) {
907 throw new coding_exception('moodle_database::insert_record_raw() no fields found.');
909 $fields = implode(',', array_keys($params));
910 $qms = array_fill(0, count($params), '?');
911 $qms = implode(',', $qms);
912 $sql = "INSERT INTO {" . $table . "} ($fields) VALUES($qms)";
913 $query_id = $this->do_query($sql, $params, SQL_QUERY_INSERT);
915 if ($customsequence) {
916 // Enable IDENTITY column after inserting record with id, only if the
917 // column is identity, from meta information.
919 $sql = 'SET IDENTITY_INSERT {'.$table.'} OFF'; // Yes, it' OFF!!
920 $this->do_query($sql, null, SQL_QUERY_AUX);
925 $id = $this->sqlsrv_fetch_id();
933 * Get the ID of the current action
937 private function sqlsrv_fetch_id() {
938 $query_id = sqlsrv_query($this->sqlsrv, 'SELECT SCOPE_IDENTITY()');
939 if ($query_id === false) {
940 $dberr = $this->get_last_error();
943 $row = $this->sqlsrv_fetchrow($query_id);
948 * Fetch a single row into an numbered array
950 * @param mixed $query_id
952 private function sqlsrv_fetchrow($query_id) {
953 $row = sqlsrv_fetch_array($query_id, SQLSRV_FETCH_NUMERIC);
954 if ($row === false) {
955 $dberr = $this->get_last_error();
959 foreach ($row as $key => $value) {
960 $row[$key] = ($value === ' ' || $value === NULL) ? '' : $value;
966 * Insert a record into a table and return the "id" field if required.
968 * Some conversions and safety checks are carried out. Lobs are supported.
969 * If the return ID isn't required, then this just reports success as true/false.
970 * $data is an object containing needed data
971 * @param string $table The database table to be inserted into
972 * @param object $data A data object with values for one or more fields in the record
973 * @param bool $returnid Should the id of the newly created record entry be returned? If this option is not requested then true/false is returned.
974 * @return bool|int true or new id
975 * @throws dml_exception A DML specific exception is thrown for any errors.
977 public function insert_record($table, $dataobject, $returnid = true, $bulk = false) {
978 $dataobject = (array)$dataobject;
980 $columns = $this->get_columns($table);
983 foreach ($dataobject as $field => $value) {
984 if ($field === 'id') {
987 if (!isset($columns[$field])) {
990 $column = $columns[$field];
991 $cleaned[$field] = $this->normalise_value($column, $value);
994 return $this->insert_record_raw($table, $cleaned, $returnid, $bulk);
998 * Import a record into a table, id field is required.
999 * Safety checks are NOT carried out. Lobs are supported.
1001 * @param string $table name of database table to be inserted into
1002 * @param object $dataobject A data object with values for one or more fields in the record
1004 * @throws dml_exception A DML specific exception is thrown for any errors.
1006 public function import_record($table, $dataobject) {
1007 if (!is_object($dataobject)) {
1008 $dataobject = (object)$dataobject;
1011 $columns = $this->get_columns($table);
1012 $cleaned = array ();
1014 foreach ($dataobject as $field => $value) {
1015 if (!isset($columns[$field])) {
1018 $column = $columns[$field];
1019 $cleaned[$field] = $this->normalise_value($column, $value);
1022 $this->insert_record_raw($table, $cleaned, false, false, true);
1028 * Update record in database, as fast as possible, no safety checks, lobs not supported.
1029 * @param string $table name
1030 * @param mixed $params data record as object or array
1031 * @param bool true means repeated updates expected
1033 * @throws dml_exception A DML specific exception is thrown for any errors.
1035 public function update_record_raw($table, $params, $bulk = false) {
1036 $params = (array)$params;
1038 if (!isset($params['id'])) {
1039 throw new coding_exception('moodle_database::update_record_raw() id field must be specified.');
1041 $id = $params['id'];
1042 unset($params['id']);
1044 if (empty($params)) {
1045 throw new coding_exception('moodle_database::update_record_raw() no fields found.');
1050 foreach ($params as $field => $value) {
1051 $sets[] = "$field = ?";
1054 $params[] = $id; // last ? in WHERE condition
1056 $sets = implode(',', $sets);
1057 $sql = "UPDATE {".$table."} SET $sets WHERE id = ?";
1059 $this->do_query($sql, $params, SQL_QUERY_UPDATE);
1065 * Update a record in a table
1067 * $dataobject is an object containing needed data
1068 * Relies on $dataobject having a variable "id" to
1069 * specify the record to update
1071 * @param string $table The database table to be checked against.
1072 * @param object $dataobject An object with contents equal to fieldname=>fieldvalue. Must have an entry for 'id' to map to the table specified.
1073 * @param bool true means repeated updates expected
1075 * @throws dml_exception A DML specific exception is thrown for any errors.
1077 public function update_record($table, $dataobject, $bulk = false) {
1078 $dataobject = (array)$dataobject;
1080 $columns = $this->get_columns($table);
1081 $cleaned = array ();
1083 foreach ($dataobject as $field => $value) {
1084 if (!isset($columns[$field])) {
1087 $column = $columns[$field];
1088 $cleaned[$field] = $this->normalise_value($column, $value);
1091 return $this->update_record_raw($table, $cleaned, $bulk);
1095 * Set a single field in every table record which match a particular WHERE clause.
1097 * @param string $table The database table to be checked against.
1098 * @param string $newfield the field to set.
1099 * @param string $newvalue the value to set the field to.
1100 * @param string $select A fragment of SQL to be used in a where clause in the SQL call.
1101 * @param array $params array of sql parameters
1103 * @throws dml_exception A DML specific exception is thrown for any errors.
1105 public function set_field_select($table, $newfield, $newvalue, $select, array $params = null) {
1107 $select = "WHERE $select";
1110 if (is_null($params)) {
1114 // convert params to ? types
1115 list($select, $params, $type) = $this->fix_sql_params($select, $params);
1117 // Get column metadata
1118 $columns = $this->get_columns($table);
1119 $column = $columns[$newfield];
1121 $newvalue = $this->normalise_value($column, $newvalue);
1123 if (is_null($newvalue)) {
1124 $newfield = "$newfield = NULL";
1126 $newfield = "$newfield = ?";
1127 array_unshift($params, $newvalue);
1129 $sql = "UPDATE {".$table."} SET $newfield $select";
1131 $this->do_query($sql, $params, SQL_QUERY_UPDATE);
1137 * Delete one or more records from a table which match a particular WHERE clause.
1139 * @param string $table The database table to be checked against.
1140 * @param string $select A fragment of SQL to be used in a where clause in the SQL call (used to define the selection criteria).
1141 * @param array $params array of sql parameters
1143 * @throws dml_exception A DML specific exception is thrown for any errors.
1145 public function delete_records_select($table, $select, array $params = null) {
1147 $select = "WHERE $select";
1150 $sql = "DELETE FROM {".$table."} $select";
1152 // we use SQL_QUERY_UPDATE because we do not know what is in general SQL, delete constant would not be accurate
1153 $this->do_query($sql, $params, SQL_QUERY_UPDATE);
1159 public function sql_cast_char2int($fieldname, $text = false) {
1161 return ' CAST(' . $fieldname . ' AS INT) ';
1163 return ' CAST(' . $this->sql_compare_text($fieldname) . ' AS INT) ';
1167 public function sql_cast_char2real($fieldname, $text=false) {
1169 return ' CAST(' . $fieldname . ' AS REAL) ';
1171 return ' CAST(' . $this->sql_compare_text($fieldname) . ' AS REAL) ';
1175 public function sql_ceil($fieldname) {
1176 return ' CEILING('.$fieldname.')';
1179 protected function get_collation() {
1180 if (isset($this->collation)) {
1181 return $this->collation;
1183 if (!empty($this->dboptions['dbcollation'])) {
1185 $this->collation = $this->dboptions['dbcollation'];
1186 return $this->collation;
1189 // make some default
1190 $this->collation = 'Latin1_General_CI_AI';
1192 $sql = "SELECT CAST(DATABASEPROPERTYEX('$this->dbname', 'Collation') AS varchar(255)) AS SQLCollation";
1193 $this->query_start($sql, null, SQL_QUERY_AUX);
1194 $result = sqlsrv_query($this->sqlsrv, $sql);
1195 $this->query_end($result);
1198 if ($rawcolumn = sqlsrv_fetch_array($result, SQLSRV_FETCH_ASSOC)) {
1199 $this->collation = reset($rawcolumn);
1201 $this->free_result($result);
1204 return $this->collation;
1208 * Returns 'LIKE' part of a query.
1210 * @param string $fieldname usually name of the table column
1211 * @param string $param usually bound query parameter (?, :named)
1212 * @param bool $casesensitive use case sensitive search
1213 * @param bool $accensensitive use accent sensitive search (not all databases support accent insensitive)
1214 * @param bool $notlike true means "NOT LIKE"
1215 * @param string $escapechar escape char for '%' and '_'
1216 * @return string SQL code fragment
1218 public function sql_like($fieldname, $param, $casesensitive = true, $accentsensitive = true, $notlike = false, $escapechar = '\\') {
1219 if (strpos($param, '%') !== false) {
1220 debugging('Potential SQL injection detected, sql_like() expects bound parameters (? or :named)');
1223 $collation = $this->get_collation();
1224 $LIKE = $notlike ? 'NOT LIKE' : 'LIKE';
1226 if ($casesensitive) {
1227 $collation = str_replace('_CI', '_CS', $collation);
1229 $collation = str_replace('_CS', '_CI', $collation);
1231 if ($accentsensitive) {
1232 $collation = str_replace('_AI', '_AS', $collation);
1234 $collation = str_replace('_AS', '_AI', $collation);
1237 return "$fieldname COLLATE $collation $LIKE $param ESCAPE '$escapechar'";
1240 public function sql_concat() {
1241 $arr = func_get_args();
1243 foreach ($arr as $key => $ele) {
1244 $arr[$key] = ' CAST('.$ele.' AS NVARCHAR(255)) ';
1246 $s = implode(' + ', $arr);
1254 public function sql_concat_join($separator = "' '", $elements = array ()) {
1255 for ($n = count($elements) - 1; $n > 0; $n--) {
1256 array_splice($elements, $n, 0, $separator);
1258 $s = implode(' + ', $elements);
1266 public function sql_isempty($tablename, $fieldname, $nullablefield, $textfield) {
1268 return ' ('.$this->sql_compare_text($fieldname)." = '') ";
1270 return " ($fieldname = '') ";
1275 * Returns the SQL text to be used to calculate the length in characters of one expression.
1276 * @param string fieldname or expression to calculate its length in characters.
1277 * @return string the piece of SQL code to be used in the statement.
1279 public function sql_length($fieldname) {
1280 return ' LEN('.$fieldname.')';
1283 public function sql_order_by_text($fieldname, $numchars = 32) {
1284 return ' CONVERT(varchar, '.$fieldname.', '.$numchars.')';
1288 * Returns the SQL for returning searching one string for the location of another.
1290 public function sql_position($needle, $haystack) {
1291 return "CHARINDEX(($needle), ($haystack))";
1295 * Returns the proper substr() SQL text used to extract substrings from DB
1296 * NOTE: this was originally returning only function name
1298 * @param string $expr some string field, no aggregates
1299 * @param mixed $start integer or expression evaluating to int
1300 * @param mixed $length optional integer or expression evaluating to int
1301 * @return string sql fragment
1303 public function sql_substr($expr, $start, $length = false) {
1304 if (count(func_get_args()) < 2) {
1305 throw new coding_exception('moodle_database::sql_substr() requires at least two parameters',
1306 'Originally this function was only returning name of SQL substring function, it now requires all parameters.');
1309 if ($length === false) {
1310 return "SUBSTRING($expr, $start, (LEN($expr) - $start + 1))";
1312 return "SUBSTRING($expr, $start, $length)";
1316 public function session_lock_supported() {
1321 * Obtain session lock
1322 * @param int $rowid id of the row with session record
1323 * @param int $timeout max allowed time to wait for the lock in seconds
1326 public function get_session_lock($rowid, $timeout) {
1327 if (!$this->session_lock_supported()) {
1330 parent::get_session_lock($rowid, $timeout);
1332 $timeoutmilli = $timeout * 1000;
1334 $fullname = $this->dbname.'-'.$this->prefix.'-session-'.$rowid;
1335 // While this may work using proper {call sp_...} calls + binding +
1336 // executing + consuming recordsets, the solution used for the mssql
1337 // driver is working perfectly, so 100% mimic-ing that code.
1338 // $sql = "sp_getapplock '$fullname', 'Exclusive', 'Session', $timeoutmilli";
1341 EXECUTE @result = sp_getapplock @Resource='$fullname',
1342 @LockMode='Exclusive',
1343 @LockOwner='Session',
1344 @LockTimeout='$timeoutmilli'
1347 $this->query_start($sql, null, SQL_QUERY_AUX);
1348 $result = sqlsrv_query($this->sqlsrv, $sql);
1349 $this->query_end($result);
1352 $row = sqlsrv_fetch_array($result);
1354 throw new dml_sessionwait_exception();
1358 $this->free_result($result);
1361 public function release_session_lock($rowid) {
1362 if (!$this->session_lock_supported()) {
1365 if (!$this->used_for_db_sessions) {
1369 parent::release_session_lock($rowid);
1371 $fullname = $this->dbname.'-'.$this->prefix.'-session-'.$rowid;
1372 $sql = "sp_releaseapplock '$fullname', 'Session'";
1373 $this->query_start($sql, null, SQL_QUERY_AUX);
1374 $result = sqlsrv_query($this->sqlsrv, $sql);
1375 $this->query_end($result);
1376 $this->free_result($result);
1380 * Driver specific start of real database transaction,
1381 * this can not be used directly in code.
1384 protected function begin_transaction() {
1385 // Recordsets do not work well with transactions in SQL Server,
1386 // let's prefetch the recordsets to memory to work around these problems.
1387 foreach ($this->recordsets as $rs) {
1388 $rs->transaction_starts();
1391 $this->query_start('native sqlsrv_begin_transaction', NULL, SQL_QUERY_AUX);
1392 $result = sqlsrv_begin_transaction($this->sqlsrv);
1393 $this->query_end($result);
1397 * Driver specific commit of real database transaction,
1398 * this can not be used directly in code.
1401 protected function commit_transaction() {
1402 $this->query_start('native sqlsrv_commit', NULL, SQL_QUERY_AUX);
1403 $result = sqlsrv_commit($this->sqlsrv);
1404 $this->query_end($result);
1408 * Driver specific abort of real database transaction,
1409 * this can not be used directly in code.
1412 protected function rollback_transaction() {
1413 $this->query_start('native sqlsrv_rollback', NULL, SQL_QUERY_AUX);
1414 $result = sqlsrv_rollback($this->sqlsrv);
1415 $this->query_end($result);