3 // This file is part of Moodle - http://moodle.org/
5 // Moodle is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
6 // it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
7 // the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
8 // (at your option) any later version.
10 // Moodle is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
11 // but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
12 // MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
13 // GNU General Public License for more details.
15 // You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
16 // along with Moodle. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
19 * Native sqlsrv class representing moodle database interface.
22 * @subpackage dml_driver
23 * @copyright 2009 onwards Eloy Lafuente (stronk7) {@link http://stronk7.com}
24 * @license http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html GNU GPL v2 or later
27 defined('MOODLE_INTERNAL') || die();
29 require_once($CFG->libdir.'/dml/moodle_database.php');
30 require_once($CFG->libdir.'/dml/sqlsrv_native_moodle_recordset.php');
31 require_once($CFG->libdir.'/dml/sqlsrv_native_moodle_temptables.php');
34 * Native sqlsrv class representing moodle database interface.
37 * @subpackage dml_driver
38 * @copyright 2009 onwards Eloy Lafuente (stronk7) {@link http://stronk7.com}
39 * @license http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html GNU GPL v2 or later
41 class sqlsrv_native_moodle_database extends moodle_database {
43 protected $sqlsrv = null;
44 protected $last_error_reporting; // To handle SQL*Server-Native driver default verbosity
45 protected $temptables; // Control existing temptables (sqlsrv_moodle_temptables object)
46 protected $collation; // current DB collation cache
49 * Constructor - instantiates the database, specifying if it's external (connect to other systems) or no (Moodle DB)
50 * note this has effect to decide if prefix checks must be performed or no
51 * @param bool true means external database used
53 public function __construct($external=false) {
54 parent::__construct($external);
58 * Detects if all needed PHP stuff installed.
59 * Note: can be used before connect()
60 * @return mixed true if ok, string if something
62 public function driver_installed() {
63 // use 'function_exists()' rather than 'extension_loaded()' because
64 // the name used by 'extension_loaded()' is case specific! The extension
65 // therefore *could be* mixed case and hence not found.
66 if (!function_exists('sqlsrv_num_rows')) {
67 return get_string('sqlsrvextensionisnotpresentinphp', 'install');
73 * Returns database family type - describes SQL dialect
74 * Note: can be used before connect()
75 * @return string db family name (mysql, postgres, mssql, sqlsrv, oracle, etc.)
77 public function get_dbfamily() {
82 * Returns more specific database driver type
83 * Note: can be used before connect()
84 * @return string db type mysqli, pgsql, oci, mssql, sqlsrv
86 protected function get_dbtype() {
91 * Returns general database library name
92 * Note: can be used before connect()
93 * @return string db type pdo, native
95 protected function get_dblibrary() {
100 * Returns localised database type name
101 * Note: can be used before connect()
104 public function get_name() {
105 return get_string('nativesqlsrv', 'install');
109 * Returns localised database configuration help.
110 * Note: can be used before connect()
113 public function get_configuration_help() {
114 return get_string('nativesqlsrvhelp', 'install');
118 * Returns localised database description
119 * Note: can be used before connect()
122 public function get_configuration_hints() {
123 $str = get_string('databasesettingssub_sqlsrv', 'install');
124 $str .= "<p style='text-align:right'><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" ";
125 $str .= "onclick=\"return window.open('http://docs.moodle.org/en/Using_the_Microsoft_SQL_Server_Driver_for_PHP')\"";
127 $str .= '<img src="pix/docs.gif'.'" alt="Docs" class="iconhelp" />';
128 $str .= get_string('moodledocslink', 'install').'</a></p>';
134 * Must be called before most other methods. (you can call methods that return connection configuration parameters)
135 * @param string $dbhost The database host.
136 * @param string $dbuser The database username.
137 * @param string $dbpass The database username's password.
138 * @param string $dbname The name of the database being connected to.
139 * @param mixed $prefix string|bool The moodle db table name's prefix. false is used for external databases where prefix not used
140 * @param array $dboptions driver specific options
142 * @throws dml_connection_exception if error
144 public function connect($dbhost, $dbuser, $dbpass, $dbname, $prefix, array $dboptions=null) {
145 $driverstatus = $this->driver_installed();
147 if ($driverstatus !== true) {
148 throw new dml_exception('dbdriverproblem', $driverstatus);
154 sqlsrv_configure("WarningsReturnAsErrors", FALSE);
155 sqlsrv_configure("LogSubsystems", SQLSRV_LOG_SYSTEM_ALL);
156 sqlsrv_configure("LogSeverity", SQLSRV_LOG_SEVERITY_ERROR);
158 $this->store_settings($dbhost, $dbuser, $dbpass, $dbname, $prefix, $dboptions);
159 $this->sqlsrv = sqlsrv_connect($this->dbhost, array
161 'UID' => $this->dbuser,
162 'PWD' => $this->dbpass,
163 'Database' => $this->dbname,
164 'CharacterSet' => 'UTF-8',
165 'MultipleActiveResultSets' => true,
166 'ConnectionPooling' => !empty($this->dboptions['dbpersist']),
167 'ReturnDatesAsStrings' => true,
170 if ($this->sqlsrv === false) {
171 $this->sqlsrv = null;
172 $dberr = $this->get_last_error();
174 throw new dml_connection_exception($dberr);
177 // Allow quoted identifiers
178 $sql = "SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ON";
179 $this->query_start($sql, null, SQL_QUERY_AUX);
180 $result = sqlsrv_query($this->sqlsrv, $sql);
181 $this->query_end($result);
183 $this->free_result($result);
185 // Force ANSI nulls so the NULL check was done by IS NULL and NOT IS NULL
186 // instead of equal(=) and distinct(<>) symbols
187 $sql = "SET ANSI_NULLS ON";
188 $this->query_start($sql, null, SQL_QUERY_AUX);
189 $result = sqlsrv_query($this->sqlsrv, $sql);
190 $this->query_end($result);
192 $this->free_result($result);
194 // Force ANSI warnings so arithmetic/string overflows will be
195 // returning error instead of transparently truncating data
196 $sql = "SET ANSI_WARNINGS ON";
197 $this->query_start($sql, null, SQL_QUERY_AUX);
198 $result = sqlsrv_query($this->sqlsrv, $sql);
199 $this->query_end($result);
201 // Concatenating null with anything MUST return NULL
202 $sql = "SET CONCAT_NULL_YIELDS_NULL ON";
203 $this->query_start($sql, null, SQL_QUERY_AUX);
204 $result = sqlsrv_query($this->sqlsrv, $sql);
205 $this->query_end($result);
207 $this->free_result($result);
209 // Set transactions isolation level to READ_COMMITTED
210 // prevents dirty reads when using transactions +
211 // is the default isolation level of sqlsrv
212 $sql = "SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL READ COMMITTED";
213 $this->query_start($sql, NULL, SQL_QUERY_AUX);
214 $result = sqlsrv_query($this->sqlsrv, $sql);
215 $this->query_end($result);
217 $this->free_result($result);
219 // Connection established and configured, going to instantiate the temptables controller
220 $this->temptables = new sqlsrv_native_moodle_temptables($this);
226 * Close database connection and release all resources
227 * and memory (especially circular memory references).
228 * Do NOT use connect() again, create a new instance if needed.
230 public function dispose() {
231 parent::dispose(); // Call parent dispose to write/close session and other common stuff before closing connection
234 sqlsrv_close($this->sqlsrv);
235 $this->sqlsrv = null;
240 * Called before each db query.
242 * @param array $params array of parameters
243 * @param int $type type of query
244 * @param mixed $extrainfo driver specific extra information
247 protected function query_start($sql, array $params = null, $type, $extrainfo = null) {
248 parent::query_start($sql, $params, $type, $extrainfo);
252 * Called immediately after each db query.
253 * @param mixed db specific result
256 protected function query_end($result) {
257 parent::query_end($result);
261 * Returns database server info array
262 * @return array Array containing 'description', 'version' and 'database' (current db) info
264 public function get_server_info() {
268 $server_info = sqlsrv_server_info($this->sqlsrv);
271 $info['description'] = $server_info['SQLServerName'];
272 $info['version'] = $server_info['SQLServerVersion'];
273 $info['database'] = $server_info['CurrentDatabase'];
280 * Get the minimum SQL allowed
282 * @param mixed $version
285 protected function is_min_version($version) {
286 $server = $this->get_server_info();
287 $server = $server['version'];
288 return version_compare($server, $version, '>=');
292 * Override: Converts short table name {tablename} to real table name
293 * supporting temp tables (#) if detected
298 protected function fix_table_names($sql) {
299 if (preg_match_all('/\{([a-z][a-z0-9_]*)\}/i', $sql, $matches)) {
300 foreach ($matches[0] as $key => $match) {
301 $name = $matches[1][$key];
303 if ($this->temptables->is_temptable($name)) {
304 $sql = str_replace($match, $this->temptables->get_correct_name($name), $sql);
306 $sql = str_replace($match, $this->prefix.$name, $sql);
314 * Returns supported query parameter types
315 * @return int bitmask
317 protected function allowed_param_types() {
318 return SQL_PARAMS_QM; // sqlsrv 1.1 can bind
322 * Returns last error reported by database engine.
323 * @return string error message
325 public function get_last_error() {
326 $retErrors = sqlsrv_errors(SQLSRV_ERR_ALL);
327 $errorMessage = 'No errors found';
329 if ($retErrors != null) {
332 foreach ($retErrors as $arrError) {
333 $errorMessage .= "SQLState: ".$arrError['SQLSTATE']."<br>\n";
334 $errorMessage .= "Error Code: ".$arrError['code']."<br>\n";
335 $errorMessage .= "Message: ".$arrError['message']."<br>\n";
339 return $errorMessage;
343 * Bound variables *are* supported. Until I can get it to work, emulate the bindings
344 * The challenge/problem/bug is that although they work, doing a SELECT SCOPE_IDENTITY()
345 * doesn't return a value (no result set)
349 * Prepare the query binding and do the actual query.
351 * @param string $sql The sql statement
352 * @param mixed $params array of params for binding. If NULL, they are ignored.
353 * @param mixed $sql_query_type - Type of operation
354 * @param mixed $free_result - Default true, transaction query will be freed.
355 * @param mixed $scrollable - Default false, to use for quickly seeking to target records
357 private function do_query($sql, $params, $sql_query_type, $free_result = true, $scrollable = false) {
358 list($sql, $params, $type) = $this->fix_sql_params($sql, $params);
360 $sql = $this->emulate_bound_params($sql, $params);
361 $this->query_start($sql, $params, $sql_query_type);
362 if (!$scrollable) { // Only supporting next row
363 $result = sqlsrv_query($this->sqlsrv, $sql);
364 } else { // Suporting absolute/relative rows
365 $result = sqlsrv_query($this->sqlsrv, $sql, array(), array('Scrollable' => SQLSRV_CURSOR_STATIC));
368 if ($result === false) {
369 // TODO do something with error or just use if DEV or DEBUG?
370 $dberr = $this->get_last_error();
373 $this->query_end($result);
376 $this->free_result($result);
383 * Return tables in database WITHOUT current prefix.
384 * @param bool $usecache if true, returns list of cached tables.
385 * @return array of table names in lowercase and without prefix
387 public function get_tables($usecache = true) {
388 if ($usecache and count($this->tables) > 0) {
389 return $this->tables;
391 $this->tables = array ();
392 $prefix = str_replace('_', '\\_', $this->prefix);
393 $sql = "SELECT table_name
394 FROM information_schema.tables
395 WHERE table_name LIKE '$prefix%' ESCAPE '\\' AND table_type = 'BASE TABLE'";
397 $this->query_start($sql, null, SQL_QUERY_AUX);
398 $result = sqlsrv_query($this->sqlsrv, $sql);
399 $this->query_end($result);
402 while ($row = sqlsrv_fetch_array($result)) {
403 $tablename = reset($row);
404 if (strpos($tablename, $this->prefix) !== 0) {
407 $tablename = substr($tablename, strlen($this->prefix));
408 $this->tables[$tablename] = $tablename;
410 $this->free_result($result);
413 // Add the currently available temptables
414 $this->tables = array_merge($this->tables, $this->temptables->get_temptables());
415 return $this->tables;
419 * Return table indexes - everything lowercased.
420 * @param string $table The table we want to get indexes from.
421 * @return array of arrays
423 public function get_indexes($table) {
425 $tablename = $this->prefix.$table;
427 // Indexes aren't covered by information_schema metatables, so we need to
428 // go to sys ones. Skipping primary key indexes on purpose.
429 $sql = "SELECT i.name AS index_name, i.is_unique, ic.index_column_id, c.name AS column_name
431 JOIN sys.index_columns ic ON i.object_id = ic.object_id AND i.index_id = ic.index_id
432 JOIN sys.columns c ON ic.object_id = c.object_id AND ic.column_id = c.column_id
433 JOIN sys.tables t ON i.object_id = t.object_id
434 WHERE t.name = '$tablename' AND i.is_primary_key = 0
435 ORDER BY i.name, i.index_id, ic.index_column_id";
437 $this->query_start($sql, null, SQL_QUERY_AUX);
438 $result = sqlsrv_query($this->sqlsrv, $sql);
439 $this->query_end($result);
446 while ($row = sqlsrv_fetch_array($result, SQLSRV_FETCH_ASSOC)) {
447 if ($lastindex and $lastindex != $row['index_name'])
448 { // Save lastindex to $indexes and reset info
449 $indexes[$lastindex] = array
452 'columns' => $columns
458 $lastindex = $row['index_name'];
459 $unique = empty($row['is_unique']) ? false : true;
460 $columns[] = $row['column_name'];
463 if ($lastindex) { // Add the last one if exists
464 $indexes[$lastindex] = array
467 'columns' => $columns
471 $this->free_result($result);
477 * Returns detailed information about columns in table. This information is cached internally.
478 * @param string $table name
479 * @param bool $usecache
480 * @return array array of database_column_info objects indexed with column names
482 public function get_columns($table, $usecache = true) {
483 if ($usecache and isset($this->columns[$table])) {
484 return $this->columns[$table];
487 $this->columns[$table] = array ();
489 if (!$this->temptables->is_temptable($table)) { // normal table, get metadata from own schema
490 $sql = "SELECT column_name AS name,
492 numeric_precision AS max_length,
493 character_maximum_length AS char_max_length,
494 numeric_scale AS scale,
495 is_nullable AS is_nullable,
496 columnproperty(object_id(quotename(table_schema) + '.' + quotename(table_name)), column_name, 'IsIdentity') AS auto_increment,
497 column_default AS default_value
498 FROM information_schema.columns
499 WHERE table_name = '{".$table."}'
500 ORDER BY ordinal_position";
501 } else { // temp table, get metadata from tempdb schema
502 $sql = "SELECT column_name AS name,
504 numeric_precision AS max_length,
505 character_maximum_length AS char_max_length,
506 numeric_scale AS scale,
507 is_nullable AS is_nullable,
508 columnproperty(object_id(quotename(table_schema) + '.' + quotename(table_name)), column_name, 'IsIdentity') AS auto_increment,
509 column_default AS default_value
510 FROM tempdb.information_schema.columns ".
511 // check this statement
512 // JOIN tempdb..sysobjects ON name = table_name
513 // WHERE id = object_id('tempdb..{".$table."}')
514 "WHERE table_name LIKE '{".$table."}__________%'
515 ORDER BY ordinal_position";
518 list($sql, $params, $type) = $this->fix_sql_params($sql, null);
520 $this->query_start($sql, null, SQL_QUERY_AUX);
521 $result = sqlsrv_query($this->sqlsrv, $sql);
522 $this->query_end($result);
528 while ($rawcolumn = sqlsrv_fetch_array($result, SQLSRV_FETCH_ASSOC)) {
530 $rawcolumn = (object)$rawcolumn;
532 $info = new stdClass();
533 $info->name = $rawcolumn->name;
534 $info->type = $rawcolumn->type;
535 $info->meta_type = $this->sqlsrvtype2moodletype($info->type);
537 // Prepare auto_increment info
538 $info->auto_increment = $rawcolumn->auto_increment ? true : false;
540 // Define type for auto_increment columns
541 $info->meta_type = ($info->auto_increment && $info->meta_type == 'I') ? 'R' : $info->meta_type;
543 // id columns being auto_incremnt are PK by definition
544 $info->primary_key = ($info->name == 'id' && $info->meta_type == 'R' && $info->auto_increment);
546 // Put correct length for character and LOB types
547 $info->max_length = $info->meta_type == 'C' ? $rawcolumn->char_max_length : $rawcolumn->max_length;
548 $info->max_length = ($info->meta_type == 'X' || $info->meta_type == 'B') ? -1 : $info->max_length;
551 $info->scale = $rawcolumn->scale ? $rawcolumn->scale : false;
553 // Prepare not_null info
554 $info->not_null = $rawcolumn->is_nullable == 'NO' ? true : false;
557 $info->has_default = !empty($rawcolumn->default_value);
558 if ($rawcolumn->default_value === NULL) {
559 $info->default_value = NULL;
561 $info->default_value = preg_replace("/^[\(N]+[']?(.*?)[']?[\)]+$/", '\\1', $rawcolumn->default_value);
565 $info->binary = $info->meta_type == 'B' ? true : false;
567 $this->columns[$table][$info->name] = new database_column_info($info);
569 $this->free_result($result);
571 return $this->columns[$table];
575 * Normalise values based in RDBMS dependencies (booleans, LOBs...)
577 * @param database_column_info $column column metadata corresponding with the value we are going to normalise
578 * @param mixed $value value we are going to normalise
579 * @return mixed the normalised value
581 protected function normalise_value($column, $value) {
582 if (is_bool($value)) { /// Always, convert boolean to int
583 $value = (int)$value;
584 } // And continue processing because text columns with numeric info need special handling below
586 if ($column->meta_type == 'B')
587 { // BLOBs need to be properly "packed", but can be inserted directly if so.
588 if (!is_null($value)) { // If value not null, unpack it to unquoted hexadecimal byte-string format
589 $value = unpack('H*hex', $value); // we leave it as array, so emulate_bound_params() can detect it
590 } // easily and "bind" the param ok.
592 } else if ($column->meta_type == 'X') { // sqlsrv doesn't cast from int to text, so if text column
593 if (is_numeric($value)) { // and is numeric value then cast to string
594 $value = array('numstr' => (string)$value); // and put into array, so emulate_bound_params() will know how
595 } // to "bind" the param ok, avoiding reverse conversion to number
596 } else if ($value === '') {
598 if ($column->meta_type == 'I' or $column->meta_type == 'F' or $column->meta_type == 'N') {
599 $value = 0; // prevent '' problems in numeric fields
606 * Selectively call sqlsrv_free_stmt(), avoiding some warnings without using the horrible @
608 * @param sqlsrv_resource $resource resource to be freed if possible
610 private function free_result($resource) {
611 if (!is_bool($resource)) { // true/false resources cannot be freed
612 return sqlsrv_free_stmt($resource);
617 * Provides mapping between sqlsrv native data types and moodle_database - database_column_info - ones)
619 * @param string $sqlsrv_type native sqlsrv data type
620 * @return string 1-char database_column_info data type
622 private function sqlsrvtype2moodletype($sqlsrv_type) {
625 switch (strtoupper($sqlsrv_type)) {
651 case 'NVARCHAR(MAX)':
656 case 'VARBINARY(MAX)':
666 throw new dml_exception('invalidsqlsrvnativetype', $sqlsrv_type);
672 * Do NOT use in code, to be used by database_manager only!
673 * @param string $sql query
675 * @throws dml_exception A DML specific exception is thrown for any errors.
677 public function change_database_structure($sql) {
678 $this->reset_caches();
680 $this->query_start($sql, null, SQL_QUERY_STRUCTURE);
681 $result = sqlsrv_query($this->sqlsrv, $sql);
682 $this->query_end($result);
688 * Prepare the array of params for native binding
690 protected function build_native_bound_params(array $params = null) {
697 * Workaround for SQL*Server Native driver similar to MSSQL driver for
698 * consistent behavior.
700 protected function emulate_bound_params($sql, array $params = null) {
702 if (empty($params)) {
705 /// ok, we have verified sql statement with ? and correct number of params
706 $parts = explode('?', $sql);
707 $return = array_shift($parts);
708 foreach ($params as $param) {
709 if (is_bool($param)) {
710 $return .= (int)$param;
711 } else if (is_array($param) && isset($param['hex'])) { // detect hex binary, bind it specially
712 $return .= '0x'.$param['hex'];
713 } else if (is_array($param) && isset($param['numstr'])) { // detect numerical strings that *must not*
714 $return .= "N'{$param['numstr']}'"; // be converted back to number params, but bound as strings
715 } else if (is_null($param)) {
718 } else if (is_number($param)) { // we can not use is_numeric() because it eats leading zeros from strings like 0045646
719 $return .= "'$param'"; // this is a hack for MDL-23997, we intentionally use string because it is compatible with both nvarchar and int types
720 } else if (is_float($param)) {
723 $param = str_replace("'", "''", $param);
724 $return .= "N'$param'";
727 $return .= array_shift($parts);
733 * Execute general sql query. Should be used only when no other method suitable.
734 * Do NOT use this to make changes in db structure, use database_manager methods instead!
735 * @param string $sql query
736 * @param array $params query parameters
738 * @throws dml_exception A DML specific exception is thrown for any errors.
740 public function execute($sql, array $params = null) {
741 if (strpos($sql, ';') !== false) {
742 throw new coding_exception('moodle_database::execute() Multiple sql statements found or bound parameters not used properly in query!');
744 $this->do_query($sql, $params, SQL_QUERY_UPDATE);
749 * Get a number of records as a moodle_recordset using a SQL statement.
751 * Since this method is a little less readable, use of it should be restricted to
752 * code where it's possible there might be large datasets being returned. For known
753 * small datasets use get_records_sql - it leads to simpler code.
755 * The return type is like:
756 * @see function get_recordset.
758 * @param string $sql the SQL select query to execute.
759 * @param array $params array of sql parameters
760 * @param int $limitfrom return a subset of records, starting at this point (optional, required if $limitnum is set).
761 * @param int $limitnum return a subset comprising this many records (optional, required if $limitfrom is set).
762 * @return moodle_recordset instance
763 * @throws dml_exception A DML specific exception is thrown for any errors.
765 public function get_recordset_sql($sql, array $params = null, $limitfrom = 0, $limitnum = 0) {
766 $limitfrom = (int)$limitfrom;
767 $limitnum = (int)$limitnum;
768 $limitfrom = max(0, $limitfrom);
769 $limitnum = max(0, $limitnum);
771 if ($limitfrom or $limitnum) {
772 if ($limitnum >= 1) { // Only apply TOP clause if we have any limitnum (limitfrom offset is handled later)
773 $fetch = $limitfrom + $limitnum;
774 if (PHP_INT_MAX - $limitnum < $limitfrom) { // Check PHP_INT_MAX overflow
775 $fetch = PHP_INT_MAX;
777 $sql = preg_replace('/^([\s(])*SELECT([\s]+(DISTINCT|ALL))?(?!\s*TOP\s*\()/i',
778 "\\1SELECT\\2 TOP $fetch", $sql);
781 $result = $this->do_query($sql, $params, SQL_QUERY_SELECT, false, (bool)$limitfrom);
783 if ($limitfrom) { // Skip $limitfrom records
784 sqlsrv_fetch($result, SQLSRV_SCROLL_ABSOLUTE, $limitfrom - 1);
786 return $this->create_recordset($result);
790 * Create a record set and initialize with first row
792 * @param mixed $result
793 * @return sqlsrv_native_moodle_recordset
795 protected function create_recordset($result) {
796 return new sqlsrv_native_moodle_recordset($result);
800 * Get a number of records as an array of objects using a SQL statement.
802 * Return value is like:
803 * @see function get_records.
805 * @param string $sql the SQL select query to execute. The first column of this SELECT statement
806 * must be a unique value (usually the 'id' field), as it will be used as the key of the
808 * @param array $params array of sql parameters
809 * @param int $limitfrom return a subset of records, starting at this point (optional, required if $limitnum is set).
810 * @param int $limitnum return a subset comprising this many records (optional, required if $limitfrom is set).
811 * @return array of objects, or empty array if no records were found
812 * @throws dml_exception A DML specific exception is thrown for any errors.
814 public function get_records_sql($sql, array $params = null, $limitfrom = 0, $limitnum = 0) {
816 $rs = $this->get_recordset_sql($sql, $params, $limitfrom, $limitnum);
820 foreach ($rs as $row) {
823 if (isset($results[$id])) {
824 $colname = key($row);
825 debugging("Did you remember to make the first column something unique in your call to get_records? Duplicate value '$id' found in column '$colname'.", DEBUG_DEVELOPER);
827 $results[$id] = (object)$row;
835 * Selects records and return values (first field) as an array using a SQL statement.
837 * @param string $sql The SQL query
838 * @param array $params array of sql parameters
839 * @return array of values
840 * @throws dml_exception A DML specific exception is thrown for any errors.
842 public function get_fieldset_sql($sql, array $params = null) {
844 $rs = $this->get_recordset_sql($sql, $params);
848 foreach ($rs as $row) {
849 $results[] = reset($row);
857 * Insert new record into database, as fast as possible, no safety checks, lobs not supported.
858 * @param string $table name
859 * @param mixed $params data record as object or array
860 * @param bool $returnit return it of inserted record
861 * @param bool $bulk true means repeated inserts expected
862 * @param bool $customsequence true if 'id' included in $params, disables $returnid
863 * @return bool|int true or new id
864 * @throws dml_exception A DML specific exception is thrown for any errors.
866 public function insert_record_raw($table, $params, $returnid=true, $bulk=false, $customsequence=false) {
867 if (!is_array($params)) {
868 $params = (array)$params;
870 if ($customsequence) {
871 if (!isset($params['id'])) {
872 throw new coding_exception('moodle_database::insert_record_raw() id field must be specified if custom sequences used.');
875 // Disable IDENTITY column before inserting record with id
876 $sql = 'SET IDENTITY_INSERT {'.$table.'} ON'; // Yes, it' ON!!
877 $this->do_query($sql, null, SQL_QUERY_AUX);
880 unset($params['id']);
883 if (empty($params)) {
884 throw new coding_exception('moodle_database::insert_record_raw() no fields found.');
886 $fields = implode(',', array_keys($params));
887 $qms = array_fill(0, count($params), '?');
888 $qms = implode(',', $qms);
889 $sql = "INSERT INTO {" . $table . "} ($fields) VALUES($qms)";
890 $query_id = $this->do_query($sql, $params, SQL_QUERY_INSERT);
892 if ($customsequence) {
893 // Enable IDENTITY column after inserting record with id
894 $sql = 'SET IDENTITY_INSERT {'.$table.'} OFF'; // Yes, it' OFF!!
895 $this->do_query($sql, null, SQL_QUERY_AUX);
899 $id = $this->sqlsrv_fetch_id();
907 * Get the ID of the current action
911 private function sqlsrv_fetch_id() {
912 $query_id = sqlsrv_query($this->sqlsrv, 'SELECT SCOPE_IDENTITY()');
913 if ($query_id === false) {
914 $dberr = $this->get_last_error();
917 $row = $this->sqlsrv_fetchrow($query_id);
922 * Fetch a single row into an numbered array
924 * @param mixed $query_id
926 private function sqlsrv_fetchrow($query_id) {
927 $row = sqlsrv_fetch_array($query_id, SQLSRV_FETCH_NUMERIC);
928 if ($row === false) {
929 $dberr = $this->get_last_error();
933 foreach ($row as $key => $value) {
934 $row[$key] = ($value === ' ' || $value === NULL) ? '' : $value;
940 * Insert a record into a table and return the "id" field if required.
942 * Some conversions and safety checks are carried out. Lobs are supported.
943 * If the return ID isn't required, then this just reports success as true/false.
944 * $data is an object containing needed data
945 * @param string $table The database table to be inserted into
946 * @param object $data A data object with values for one or more fields in the record
947 * @param bool $returnid Should the id of the newly created record entry be returned? If this option is not requested then true/false is returned.
948 * @return bool|int true or new id
949 * @throws dml_exception A DML specific exception is thrown for any errors.
951 public function insert_record($table, $dataobject, $returnid = true, $bulk = false) {
952 $dataobject = (array)$dataobject;
954 $columns = $this->get_columns($table);
957 foreach ($dataobject as $field => $value) {
958 if ($field === 'id') {
961 if (!isset($columns[$field])) {
964 $column = $columns[$field];
965 $cleaned[$field] = $this->normalise_value($column, $value);
968 return $this->insert_record_raw($table, $cleaned, $returnid, $bulk);
972 * Import a record into a table, id field is required.
973 * Safety checks are NOT carried out. Lobs are supported.
975 * @param string $table name of database table to be inserted into
976 * @param object $dataobject A data object with values for one or more fields in the record
978 * @throws dml_exception A DML specific exception is thrown for any errors.
980 public function import_record($table, $dataobject) {
981 if (!is_object($dataobject)) {
982 $dataobject = (object)$dataobject;
985 $columns = $this->get_columns($table);
988 foreach ($dataobject as $field => $value) {
989 if (!isset($columns[$field])) {
992 $column = $columns[$field];
993 $cleaned[$field] = $this->normalise_value($column, $value);
996 $this->insert_record_raw($table, $cleaned, false, false, true);
1002 * Update record in database, as fast as possible, no safety checks, lobs not supported.
1003 * @param string $table name
1004 * @param mixed $params data record as object or array
1005 * @param bool true means repeated updates expected
1007 * @throws dml_exception A DML specific exception is thrown for any errors.
1009 public function update_record_raw($table, $params, $bulk = false) {
1010 $params = (array)$params;
1012 if (!isset($params['id'])) {
1013 throw new coding_exception('moodle_database::update_record_raw() id field must be specified.');
1015 $id = $params['id'];
1016 unset($params['id']);
1018 if (empty($params)) {
1019 throw new coding_exception('moodle_database::update_record_raw() no fields found.');
1024 foreach ($params as $field => $value) {
1025 $sets[] = "$field = ?";
1028 $params[] = $id; // last ? in WHERE condition
1030 $sets = implode(',', $sets);
1031 $sql = "UPDATE {".$table."} SET $sets WHERE id = ?";
1033 $this->do_query($sql, $params, SQL_QUERY_UPDATE);
1039 * Update a record in a table
1041 * $dataobject is an object containing needed data
1042 * Relies on $dataobject having a variable "id" to
1043 * specify the record to update
1045 * @param string $table The database table to be checked against.
1046 * @param object $dataobject An object with contents equal to fieldname=>fieldvalue. Must have an entry for 'id' to map to the table specified.
1047 * @param bool true means repeated updates expected
1049 * @throws dml_exception A DML specific exception is thrown for any errors.
1051 public function update_record($table, $dataobject, $bulk = false) {
1052 $dataobject = (array)$dataobject;
1054 $columns = $this->get_columns($table);
1055 $cleaned = array ();
1057 foreach ($dataobject as $field => $value) {
1058 if (!isset($columns[$field])) {
1061 $column = $columns[$field];
1062 $cleaned[$field] = $this->normalise_value($column, $value);
1065 return $this->update_record_raw($table, $cleaned, $bulk);
1069 * Set a single field in every table record which match a particular WHERE clause.
1071 * @param string $table The database table to be checked against.
1072 * @param string $newfield the field to set.
1073 * @param string $newvalue the value to set the field to.
1074 * @param string $select A fragment of SQL to be used in a where clause in the SQL call.
1075 * @param array $params array of sql parameters
1077 * @throws dml_exception A DML specific exception is thrown for any errors.
1079 public function set_field_select($table, $newfield, $newvalue, $select, array $params = null) {
1081 $select = "WHERE $select";
1084 if (is_null($params)) {
1088 // convert params to ? types
1089 list($select, $params, $type) = $this->fix_sql_params($select, $params);
1091 /// Get column metadata
1092 $columns = $this->get_columns($table);
1093 $column = $columns[$newfield];
1095 $newvalue = $this->normalise_value($column, $newvalue);
1097 if (is_null($newvalue)) {
1098 $newfield = "$newfield = NULL";
1100 $newfield = "$newfield = ?";
1101 array_unshift($params, $newvalue);
1103 $sql = "UPDATE {".$table."} SET $newfield $select";
1105 $this->do_query($sql, $params, SQL_QUERY_UPDATE);
1111 * Delete one or more records from a table which match a particular WHERE clause.
1113 * @param string $table The database table to be checked against.
1114 * @param string $select A fragment of SQL to be used in a where clause in the SQL call (used to define the selection criteria).
1115 * @param array $params array of sql parameters
1117 * @throws dml_exception A DML specific exception is thrown for any errors.
1119 public function delete_records_select($table, $select, array $params = null) {
1121 $select = "WHERE $select";
1124 $sql = "DELETE FROM {".$table."} $select";
1126 // we use SQL_QUERY_UPDATE because we do not know what is in general SQL, delete constant would not be accurate
1127 $this->do_query($sql, $params, SQL_QUERY_UPDATE);
1133 /// SQL helper functions
1135 public function sql_cast_char2int($fieldname, $text = false) {
1137 return ' CAST(' . $fieldname . ' AS INT) ';
1139 return ' CAST(' . $this->sql_compare_text($fieldname) . ' AS INT) ';
1143 public function sql_cast_char2real($fieldname, $text=false) {
1145 return ' CAST(' . $fieldname . ' AS REAL) ';
1147 return ' CAST(' . $this->sql_compare_text($fieldname) . ' AS REAL) ';
1151 public function sql_ceil($fieldname) {
1152 return ' CEILING('.$fieldname.')';
1155 protected function get_collation() {
1156 if (isset($this->collation)) {
1157 return $this->collation;
1159 if (!empty($this->dboptions['dbcollation'])) {
1161 $this->collation = $this->dboptions['dbcollation'];
1162 return $this->collation;
1165 // make some default
1166 $this->collation = 'Latin1_General_CI_AI';
1168 $sql = "SELECT CAST(DATABASEPROPERTYEX('$this->dbname', 'Collation') AS varchar(255)) AS SQLCollation";
1169 $this->query_start($sql, null, SQL_QUERY_AUX);
1170 $result = sqlsrv_query($this->sqlsrv, $sql);
1171 $this->query_end($result);
1174 if ($rawcolumn = sqlsrv_fetch_array($result, SQLSRV_FETCH_ASSOC)) {
1175 $this->collation = reset($rawcolumn);
1177 $this->free_result($result);
1180 return $this->collation;
1184 * Returns 'LIKE' part of a query.
1186 * @param string $fieldname usually name of the table column
1187 * @param string $param usually bound query parameter (?, :named)
1188 * @param bool $casesensitive use case sensitive search
1189 * @param bool $accensensitive use accent sensitive search (not all databases support accent insensitive)
1190 * @param bool $notlike true means "NOT LIKE"
1191 * @param string $escapechar escape char for '%' and '_'
1192 * @return string SQL code fragment
1194 public function sql_like($fieldname, $param, $casesensitive = true, $accentsensitive = true, $notlike = false, $escapechar = '\\') {
1195 if (strpos($param, '%') !== false) {
1196 debugging('Potential SQL injection detected, sql_ilike() expects bound parameters (? or :named)');
1199 $collation = $this->get_collation();
1200 $LIKE = $notlike ? 'NOT LIKE' : 'LIKE';
1202 if ($casesensitive) {
1203 $collation = str_replace('_CI', '_CS', $collation);
1205 $collation = str_replace('_CS', '_CI', $collation);
1207 if ($accentsensitive) {
1208 $collation = str_replace('_AI', '_AS', $collation);
1210 $collation = str_replace('_AS', '_AI', $collation);
1213 return "$fieldname COLLATE $collation $LIKE $param ESCAPE '$escapechar'";
1216 public function sql_concat() {
1217 $arr = func_get_args();
1219 foreach ($arr as $key => $ele) {
1220 $arr[$key] = ' CAST('.$ele.' AS VARCHAR(255)) ';
1222 $s = implode(' + ', $arr);
1230 public function sql_concat_join($separator = "' '", $elements = array ()) {
1231 for ($n = count($elements) - 1; $n > 0; $n--) {
1232 array_splice($elements, $n, 0, $separator);
1234 $s = implode(' + ', $elements);
1242 public function sql_isempty($tablename, $fieldname, $nullablefield, $textfield) {
1244 return ' ('.$this->sql_compare_text($fieldname)." = '') ";
1246 return " ($fieldname = '') ";
1251 * Returns the SQL text to be used to calculate the length in characters of one expression.
1252 * @param string fieldname or expression to calculate its length in characters.
1253 * @return string the piece of SQL code to be used in the statement.
1255 public function sql_length($fieldname) {
1256 return ' LEN('.$fieldname.')';
1259 public function sql_order_by_text($fieldname, $numchars = 32) {
1260 return ' CONVERT(varchar, '.$fieldname.', '.$numchars.')';
1264 * Returns the SQL for returning searching one string for the location of another.
1266 public function sql_position($needle, $haystack) {
1267 return "CHARINDEX(($needle), ($haystack))";
1271 * Returns the proper substr() SQL text used to extract substrings from DB
1272 * NOTE: this was originally returning only function name
1274 * @param string $expr some string field, no aggregates
1275 * @param mixed $start integer or expression evaluating to int
1276 * @param mixed $length optional integer or expression evaluating to int
1277 * @return string sql fragment
1279 public function sql_substr($expr, $start, $length = false) {
1280 if (count(func_get_args()) < 2) {
1281 throw new coding_exception('moodle_database::sql_substr() requires at least two parameters',
1282 'Originally this function was only returning name of SQL substring function, it now requires all parameters.');
1285 if ($length === false) {
1286 return "SUBSTRING($expr, $start, (LEN($expr) - $start + 1))";
1288 return "SUBSTRING($expr, $start, $length)";
1294 public function session_lock_supported() {
1299 * Obtain session lock
1300 * @param int $rowid id of the row with session record
1301 * @param int $timeout max allowed time to wait for the lock in seconds
1302 * @return bool success
1304 public function get_session_lock($rowid, $timeout) {
1305 if (!$this->session_lock_supported()) {
1308 parent::get_session_lock($rowid, $timeout);
1310 $timeoutmilli = $timeout * 1000;
1312 $fullname = $this->dbname.'-'.$this->prefix.'-session-'.$rowid;
1313 // While this may work using proper {call sp_...} calls + binding +
1314 // executing + consuming recordsets, the solution used for the mssql
1315 // driver is working perfectly, so 100% mimic-ing that code.
1316 // $sql = "sp_getapplock '$fullname', 'Exclusive', 'Session', $timeoutmilli";
1319 EXECUTE @result = sp_getapplock @Resource='$fullname',
1320 @LockMode='Exclusive',
1321 @LockOwner='Session',
1322 @LockTimeout='$timeoutmilli'
1325 $this->query_start($sql, null, SQL_QUERY_AUX);
1326 $result = sqlsrv_query($this->sqlsrv, $sql);
1327 $this->query_end($result);
1330 $row = sqlsrv_fetch_array($result);
1332 throw new dml_sessionwait_exception();
1336 $this->free_result($result);
1339 public function release_session_lock($rowid) {
1340 if (!$this->session_lock_supported()) {
1343 parent::release_session_lock($rowid);
1345 $fullname = $this->dbname.'-'.$this->prefix.'-session-'.$rowid;
1346 $sql = "sp_releaseapplock '$fullname', 'Session'";
1347 $this->query_start($sql, null, SQL_QUERY_AUX);
1348 $result = sqlsrv_query($this->sqlsrv, $sql);
1349 $this->query_end($result);
1350 $this->free_result($result);
1357 // TODO -- should these be wrapped in query start/end? They arn't a query
1358 // but information and error capture is nice. msk
1362 * Driver specific start of real database transaction,
1363 * this can not be used directly in code.
1366 protected function begin_transaction() {
1367 $this->query_start('native sqlsrv_begin_transaction', NULL, SQL_QUERY_AUX);
1368 $result = sqlsrv_begin_transaction($this->sqlsrv);
1369 $this->query_end($result);
1373 * Driver specific commit of real database transaction,
1374 * this can not be used directly in code.
1377 protected function commit_transaction() {
1378 $this->query_start('native sqlsrv_commit', NULL, SQL_QUERY_AUX);
1379 $result = sqlsrv_commit($this->sqlsrv);
1380 $this->query_end($result);
1384 * Driver specific abort of real database transaction,
1385 * this can not be used directly in code.
1388 protected function rollback_transaction() {
1389 $this->query_start('native sqlsrv_rollback', NULL, SQL_QUERY_AUX);
1390 $result = sqlsrv_rollback($this->sqlsrv);
1391 $this->query_end($result);